In the world of Internet of Things (IoT), the sub-GHz spectrum is a frontier of immense promise, offering the holy grail of long-range and low-power communication. Two fundamentally different philosophies are vying to define this frontier. On one side stands Wi-Fi HaLow (IEEE 802.11ah), a direct evolution of the familiar, IP-based Wi-Fi standard, engineered for higher bandwidth and seamless integration. On the other lies the diverse and adaptable LoRa landscape, a collection of distinct networking protocols all built upon the same remarkable long-range radio technology.

Over the past few weeks, I’ve pulled apart four different LPWAN mesh technologies. Now it’s time to bring those findings together and look at which tool fits which job on the property or in the community.

There is no “perfect” protocol. What we have is a set of tools with different trade-offs. I’ve evaluated all four across five parameters to help cut through the marketing noise and get to the technical reality.